SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>One-state solution</title>

</head>

One-state solution

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Binationalism" and "Binational state" redirect here. For Gaddafi's proposed state, see <a href="Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a>. For uses outside the Israeli–Palestinian context, see <a href="Two_Nations_theory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Two Nations theory (disambiguation)">Two Nations theory</a>, <a href="Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a> and <a href="Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295905060">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of a series on the <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Peace_discourse_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Peace discourse in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Peace discourse</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1948–onwards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1993 / 95</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Protocol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1998</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">The Clinton Parameters</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road Map</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Mitchell-led talks</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2010–11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Kerry-led talks</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2013–14</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">Final borders</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish state</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian refugees</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Security concerns</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a></li>

<li>Places of worship</li>

<li><a href="Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine">Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel_Electric_Corporation#Palestinian_territories" title="Israel Electric Corporation">Electricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;padding:0.5em 0 0.2em;"><a href="Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">The "Quartet"</a> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.0em;"><ul><li>(<a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li> <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li><li><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li>

<li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;padding:0.5em 0 0.25em;"><a href="Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul></div></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="France" title="France">France</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>: <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;"><ul><li><a href="Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a> <a href="Elon_Peace_Plan" title="Elon Peace Plan">Elon Peace Plan</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">Two-state solution</a>: <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li><a href="Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a> <a href="Allon_Plan" title="Allon Plan">Allon Plan</a> <a href="Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a> <a href="Geneva_Initiative" title="Geneva Initiative">Geneva Initiative</a> <a href="Lieberman_Plan" title="Lieberman Plan">Lieberman Plan</a> <a href="Israeli_Peace_Initiative" title="Israeli Peace Initiative">Israeli Peace Initiative</a> <a href="Palestinian_Prisoners'_Document" title="Palestinian Prisoners' Document">Palestinian Prisoners' Document</a> <a href="2020_Trump_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_plan" title="2020 Trump Israel–Palestine plan">Trump Peace Plan</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Three-state_solution" title="Three-state solution">Three-state solution</a> </li>

<li>Israeli unilateral plans: <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;"><ul><li><a href="Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a> <a href="Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Disengagement</a> <a href="Realignment_plan" title="Realignment plan">Realignment</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li>Others <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;"><ul><li><a href="Palestinian_Emirates_Plan" title="Palestinian Emirates Plan">Palestinian Emirates Plan</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_peace_projects" title="Arab–Israeli peace projects">Projects</a> / groups / <a href="Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_peace_projects" title="Arab–Israeli peace projects">Peace-orientated projects</a> <div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.3em;"><ul><li> <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_economic_peace_efforts" title="Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts">Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts</a></li><li> <a href="Valley_of_Peace_initiative" title="Valley of Peace initiative">Valley of Peace</a></li><li> <a href="Middle_East_economic_integration" title="Middle East economic integration">Middle East economic integration</a></li><li> <a href="Alliance_for_Middle_East_Peace" title="Alliance for Middle East Peace">Alliance for Middle East Peace</a></li><li> <a href="Peres_Center_for_Peace" title="Peres Center for Peace">Peres Center for Peace</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

The one-state solution is a proposed approach to the <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>. It stipulates the establishment of a single state within the boundaries of the former <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, today consisting of the combined territory of modern-day <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (excluding the <a href="Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">annexed Golan Heights</a>) and <a href="Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isratin2009-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Onestateor-2">[2]</a> The term one-state reality describes the belief that the current situation of the <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> on the ground is that of one de facto country.<a href="#cite_note-Nast_2014-3">[3]</a> The one-state solution is sometimes referred to as the bi-national state, owing to the hope that it would successfully deliver self-determination to <a href="Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> and <a href="Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> in one country, thus granting both peoples independence as well as absolute access to all of the land.

Various models have been proposed for implementing the one-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a>

<ul><li>One such model is the <a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, which would comprise a single government with citizenship and equal rights for every ethnic and religious group in the land,<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> similar to the legal arrangement of the <a href="Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>. Some Israelis advocate a version of this model in which <a href="Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank">Israel annexes the West Bank</a> (but not the Gaza Strip) and grants Israeli citizenship to all of the Palestinians living there, thereby integrating the region and gaining a larger <a href="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab minority</a>, but remaining a <a href="Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish and democratic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></li>

<li>A second model calls for Israel to annex the West Bank and integrate it as a Palestinian autonomous region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> </li>

<li>A third model involves creating a <a href="Federation" title="Federation">federal state</a> with a central government and federative districts, some of which would be Israeli and others Palestinian.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>A fourth model, described by the Israeli–Palestinian peace movement <a href="A_Land_for_All_(organization)" title="A Land for All (organization)">A Land for All</a>, involves the establishment of a <a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> in which independent Israeli and Palestinian states share powers in some areas, and giving Israelis and Palestinians residency rights in each other's states.<a href="#cite_note-landforall-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul>

Though increasingly debated in academic circles, the one-state solution has remained outside the range of official diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict, as it has historically been eclipsed by the <a href="Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>. According to the most recent joint survey of the Palestinian–Israeli Pulse in 2023, support for a democratic one-state solution stands at 23% among Palestinians and 20% among <a href="Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>. A non-equal non-democratic one-state solution remains more popular among both populations, supported by 30% of Palestinians and 37% of Israeli Jews.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A Palestinian poll in September 2024 revealed that only 10% of respondents supported a single state that would provide equal rights for both Israelis and Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

The "one-state solution" refers to a resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through the creation of a unitary, federal or confederate Israeli–Palestinian state, which would encompass all of the present territory of <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> including <a href="East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and potentially the <a href="Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. Depending on various points of view, a one-state solution is presented as a situation in which Israel would ostensibly lose its character as a <a href="Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> and the <a href="Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> would fail to achieve their national independence within a <a href="Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a> or as the best, most just, and only way to resolve the conflict.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_until_World_War_I">Antiquity until World War I</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div>

The area between the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> has been controlled by various national groups throughout history. A number of groups, including the <a href="Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, the <a href="Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> (who later became the <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the <a href="Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Jews</a>, <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, <a href="Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, <a href="Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>, <a href="Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, <a href="Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a>, <a href="Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a>, <a href="Jordanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanians">Jordanians</a>, and <a href="Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> have controlled the region at one time or another. From 1516 until the end of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the region was controlled by the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_later_British_control">Ottoman and later British control</h3></div>

From 1915 to 1916, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> High Commissioner in <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="Sir_Henry_McMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry McMahon">Sir Henry McMahon</a>, corresponded by letters with <a href="Sayyid_Hussein_bin_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Hussein bin Ali">Sayyid Hussein bin Ali</a>, the father of <a href="Pan_Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arabism">Pan Arabism</a>. These letters were later known as the <a href="Hussein%E2%80%93McMahon_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein–McMahon Correspondence">Hussein–McMahon Correspondence</a>. McMahon promised Hussein and his <a href="Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> followers the territory of the Ottoman Empire in exchange for assistance in driving out the <a href="Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>. Hussein interpreted these letters as promising the region of Palestine to the Arabs. McMahon and the <a href="Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a> maintained that Palestine had been excluded from the territorial promises,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> but minutes of a Cabinet Eastern Committee meeting held on 5 December 1918 confirmed that Palestine had been part of the area that had been pledged to Hussein in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In 1916, Britain and <a href="France" title="France">France</a> signed the <a href="Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>, which divided the colonies of the Ottoman Empire between them. Under this agreement, the region of Palestine would be controlled by Britain.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In a 1917 letter from <a href="Arthur_James_Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur James Balfour">Arthur James Balfour</a> to <a href="Walter_Rothschild%2C_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Lord Rothschild</a>, known as the <a href="Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, the <a href="British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> promised "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", but at the same time required "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-balfourdeclarationof1917-17">[17]</a>

In 1922, the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> granted Britain a mandate for Palestine. Like all <a href="League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">League of Nations Mandates</a>, this mandate derived from article 22 of the <a href="League_of_Nations_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Covenant">League of Nations Covenant</a>, which called for the self-determination of former Ottoman Empire colonies after a transitory period administered by a world power.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Palestine Mandate</a> recognized the <a href="Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> and required that the mandatory government "facilitate Jewish immigration" while at the same time "ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

Resentment over Zionist plans led to an outbreak of Arab-Jewish violence in the <a href="Palestine_Riots_of_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Riots of 1920">Palestine Riots of 1920</a>. Violence erupted again the following year during the <a href="Jaffa_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa Riots">Jaffa Riots</a>. In response to these riots, Britain established the <a href="Haycraft_Commission_of_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Haycraft Commission of Inquiry">Haycraft Commission of Inquiry</a>. The British Mandatory authorities put forward proposals for setting up an elected legislative council in Palestine. In 1924 the issue was raised at a conference held by <a href="Ahdut_Ha'avodah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahdut Ha'avodah">Ahdut Ha'avodah</a> at <a href="Ein_Harod" title="Ein Harod">Ein Harod</a>. <a href="Shlomo_Kaplansky" title="Shlomo Kaplansky">Shlomo Kaplansky</a>, a veteran leader of <a href="Poalei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Poalei Zion">Poalei Zion</a>, argued that a <a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>, even with an Arab majority, was the way forward. <a href="David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, the emerging leader of the <a href="Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, succeeded in getting Kaplansky's ideas rejected.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Violence erupted again in the form of the <a href="1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>. After the violence, the British led another commission of inquiry under <a href="Walter_Shaw_(judge)" title="Walter Shaw (judge)">Sir Walter Shaw</a>. The report of the <a href="Shaw_Commission" title="Shaw Commission">Shaw Commission</a>, known as the <a href="Shaw_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaw Report">Shaw Report</a> or <a href="Command_Paper_No_3530" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Paper No 3530">Command Paper No 3530</a>, attributed the violence to "the twofold fear of the Arabs that, by Jewish immigration and land purchase, they might be deprived of their livelihood and, in time, pass under the political domination of the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

Violence erupted again during the <a href="1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. The British established the <a href="Peel_Commission_of_1936%E2%80%931937" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Commission of 1936–1937">Peel Commission of 1936–1937</a> in order to put an end to the violence. The Peel Commission concluded that only partition could put an end to the violence, and proposed the <a href="Peel_Partition_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Partition Plan">Peel Partition Plan</a>. While the Jewish community accepted the concept of partition, not all members endorsed the implementation proposed by the Peel Commission. The Arab community entirely rejected the Peel Partition Plan, which included population transfers, primarily of Arabs. The partition plan was abandoned, and in 1939 Britain issued its <a href="White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a> clarifying its "unequivocal" position that "it is not part of [Britain's] policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State" and that "The independent State [of Palestine] should be one in which Arabs and Jews share government in such a way as to ensure that the essential interests of each community are safeguarded."

The White Paper of 1939 sought to accommodate Arab demands regarding Jewish immigration by placing a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants per year over a five-year period from 1939 to 1944. It also required Arab consent for further Jewish immigration. The White Paper was seen by the Jewish community as a revocation of the <a href="Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, and due to Jewish persecution in <a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, Jews continued to immigrate illegally in what has become known as <a href="Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

Continued violence and the heavy cost of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> prompted Britain to turn over the issue of Palestine to the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1947. In its debates, the UN divided its member States into two subcommittees: one to address options for partition and a second to address all other options. The Second Subcommittee, which included all the Arab and Muslim States members, issued a long report arguing that partition was illegal according to the terms of the Mandate and proposing a unitary democratic state that would protect rights of all citizens equally.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The General Assembly instead voted for partition and in <a href="UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_181" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 181">UN General Assembly Resolution 181</a> recommended that the Mandate territory of Palestine be partitioned into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jewish community accepted the 1947 partition plan, and declared independence as the State of Israel in 1948. The Arab community rejected the partition plan, and army units from five Arab countries – <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Transjordan</a>, and Egypt – contributed to a united Arab army that attempted to invade the territory, resulting in the <a href="1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Israel">Establishment of Israel</h3></div>

The <a href="1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> resulted in Israel's establishment as well as the <a href="1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">flight or expulsion</a> of over 700,000 Palestinians from the territory that became Israel. During the following years, a large population of Jews living in Arab nations (close to 800,000) left or were expelled from their homes in what has become known as the <a href="Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands">Modern Jewish Exodus</a> and subsequently resettled in the new State of Israel.

By 1948, in the wake of the Holocaust, Jewish support for partition and a Jewish state had become overwhelming. Nevertheless, some Jewish voices still argued for unification. The <a href="International_Jewish_Labor_Bund" title="International Jewish Labor Bund">International Jewish Labor Bund</a> was against the UN vote on the partition of Palestine and reaffirmed its support for a single binational state that would guarantee equal national rights for Jews and Arabs and would be under the control of superpowers and the UN. The 1948 New York Second world conference of the International Jewish Labor Bund condemned the proclamation of the Jewish state, because the decision exposed the Jews in Palestine to danger. The conference was in favour of a binational state built on the base of national equality and democratic federalism.<a href="#cite_note-grabsky-24">[24]</a>

A one-state, one-nation solution where Arabic-speaking Palestinians would adopt a Hebrew-speaking Israeli identity (although not necessarily the Jewish religion) was advocated within Israel by the <a href="Canaanites_(movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites (movement)">Canaanite movement</a> of the 1940s and 1950s, as well as more recently in the Engagement Movement led by <a href="Tsvi_Misinai" title="Tsvi Misinai">Tsvi Misinai</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_views_on_a_binational_state">Palestinian views on a binational state</h3></div>

Prior to the 1960s, no solution to the conflict in which Arabs and Jews would share a binational state was accepted among Palestinians. The only viable solution from the Palestinian point of view would be an Arab state in which European immigrants would have second-class status. The Palestinian position evolved following Israel's victory in the <a href="Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, when it became no longer realistic to expect the militarily powerful and densely populated Jewish state to disappear. Eventually, Palestinian leadership committed to the idea of a two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> But according to a poll taken by the Palestine Center for Public Opinion in 2020, around 10% of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza believe that working towards a binational state should be a top priority.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One-state_debate_since_2009">One-state debate since 2009</h2></div>

A poll conducted in 2010 by <a href="Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> suggested that 15% of right-wing Jewish Israelis and 16% of left-wing Jewish Israelis support a binational state solution over a two states solution based on <a href="Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">1967 lines</a>. According to the same poll, 66% of Jewish Israelis preferred the two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Some Israeli government spokespeople have also proposed that Palestinian-majority areas of Israel, such as the area around <a href="Umm_el-Fahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm el-Fahm">Umm el-Fahm</a>, be annexed to the new Palestinian state. As this measure would cut these areas off permanently from the rest of Israel's territory, including the coastal cities and other Palestinian towns and villages, Palestinians view this with alarm. Many Palestinian citizens of Israel would therefore prefer a one-state solution because this would allow them to sustain their Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-nchala2006-28">[28]</a>

Some Israeli Jews and Palestinians who oppose a one-state solution have nevertheless come to believe that it may come to pass.<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a> Israeli Prime Minister Olmert argued, in a 2007 interview with the Israeli daily <a href="Ha'aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a>, that without a two-state agreement Israel would face "a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights" in which case "Israel [would be] finished".<a href="#cite_note-haaretz2007-29">[29]</a> This echoes comments made in 2004 by Palestinian Prime Minister <a href="Ahmed_Qurei" title="Ahmed Qurei">Ahmed Qurei</a>, who said that if Israel failed to conclude an agreement with the Palestinians, that the Palestinians would pursue a single, bi-national state.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2004-30">[30]</a> In November 2009, Palestinian negotiator <a href="Saeb_Erekat" title="Saeb Erekat">Saeb Erekat</a> proposed the adoption of the one-state solution if Israel did not halt settlement construction: "[Palestinians must] refocus their attention on the one-state solution where Muslims, Christians and Jews can live as equals. ... It is very serious. This is the moment of truth for us."<a href="#cite_note-saeb2009-31">[31]</a>

Support for a one-state solution is increasing as Palestinians, frustrated by lack of progress in negotiations aiming to establish the two-state solution, increasingly see the one-state solution as an alternative way forward.<a href="#cite_note-SHABI1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-POORT1-33">[33]</a> In 2016, then-U.S. Vice President <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> said that due to expanding <a href="Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">settlements</a>, an eventual "one-state reality" was the most likely outcome.<a href="#cite_note-wp-20160419-34">[34]</a>

In a 2021 survey of experts on the Middle East, 59 percent described the current situation as "a one-state reality akin to <a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>" and an additional 7 percent "one-state reality with inequality, but not akin to apartheid". If a two-state solution is not achieved, 77 percent predict "a one-state reality akin to apartheid" and 17 percent "one-state reality with increasing inequality, but not akin to apartheid"; just 1 percent think a binational state with equal rights for all inhabitants is likely. 52 percent say that the two-state solution is no longer possible.<a href="#cite_note-brookings-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_and_against">Arguments for and against</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_favor">In favor</h3></div>

Today, the proponents for the one-state solution include Palestinian author <a href="Ali_Abunimah" title="Ali Abunimah">Ali Abunimah</a>, Palestinian writer and political scientist Abdalhadi Alijla, Palestinian-American producer <a href="Jamal_Dajani" title="Jamal Dajani">Jamal Dajani</a>, Palestinian lawyer <a href="Michael_Tarazi" title="Michael Tarazi">Michael Tarazi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> American-Israeli anthropologist <a href="Jeff_Halper" title="Jeff Halper">Jeff Halper</a>, Israeli writer Dan Gavron,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Lebanese-American academic <a href="Saree_Makdisi" title="Saree Makdisi">Saree Makdisi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and Israeli journalist <a href="Gideon_Levy" title="Gideon Levy">Gideon Levy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whos-afraid-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Gathafi_2003-40">[40]</a> In an <a href="Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> for <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 2004, Tarazi opined that the expansion of the Israeli settler movement, especially in the West Bank, was a rationale for bi-nationalism and the increased infeasibility of the two-state alternative: <blockquote>"Support for one state is hardly a radical idea; it is simply the recognition of the uncomfortable reality that Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories already function as a single state. They share the same aquifers, the same highway network, the same electricity grid and the same international borders... The one-state solution... neither destroys the Jewish character of the Holy Land nor negates the Jewish historical and religious attachment (although it would destroy the superior status of Jews in that state). Rather, it affirms that the Holy Land has an equal Christian and Muslim character. For those who believe in equality, this is a good thing."<a href="#cite_note-tarazi-41">[41]</a></blockquote> Advocates of this solution push for a secular and democratic state while still maintaining a Jewish presence and culture in the region.<a href="#cite_note-haifa2007-42">[42]</a> They concede that this alternative will erode the dream of Jewish supremacy in terms of governance in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-haifa2007-42">[42]</a>

<a href="Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> has at times ruled out a two-state solution, and at other times endorsed the possibility of a two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-offer_2009-44">[44]</a> Hamas co-founder <a href="Mahmoud_Al-Zahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Al-Zahar">Mahmoud Al-Zahar</a> has been cited saying he "did not rule out the possibility of having Jews, Muslims and Christians living under the sovereignty of an Islamic state."<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet.com-45">[45]</a> The <a href="Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>, for its part, rejects a two-state solution; its leader Khalid al-Batsh stated that "The idea cannot be accepted and we believe that the entire Palestine is Arab and Islamic land and belongs to the Palestinian nation."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In 2003, Libyan leader <a href="Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> proposed a one-state solution known as the <a href="Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin proposal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isratin2009-1">[1]</a> Iranian supreme leader <a href="Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> and former president <a href="Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> both expressed their support for a one-state solution, in which Palestine would become the sole legitimate government of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

Since 1999, interest has been renewed in bi-nationalism or a unitary democratic state. That year, Palestinian activist <a href="Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> wrote, "[A]fter 50 years of Israeli history, classic Zionism has provided no solution to the Palestinian presence. I therefore see no other way than to begin now to speak about sharing the land that has thrust us together, sharing it in a truly democratic way with equal rights for all citizens."<a href="#cite_note-Al-Ahram_Weekly-49">[49]</a>

In October 2003, New York University scholar <a href="Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a> broke ground in his article, "Israel: The Alternative" in the <a href="New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>, in which he argued that Israel is an "anachronism" in sustaining an ethnic identity for the state and that the two-state solution is fundamentally doomed and unworkable.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Judt article engendered considerable debate in the UK and the US, and The New York Review of Books received more than 1,000 letters per week about the essay. A month later, political scientist <a href="Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Virginia Tilley</a> published "The One-State Solution" in the <a href="London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a> (followed by a book with the same title in 2005), arguing that West Bank settlements had made a two-state solution impossible and that the international community must accept a one-state solution as the de facto reality.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Leftist journalists from Israel, such as <a href="Haim_Hanegbi" title="Haim Hanegbi">Haim Hanegbi</a> and Daniel Gavron, have called for the public to "face the facts" and accept the binational solution. On the Palestinian side, similar voices have been raised. Then-Israeli prime minister <a href="Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> argued, in a 2007 interview with the Israeli daily <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, that without a two-state agreement Israel would face "a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights" in which case "Israel [would be] finished".<a href="#cite_note-haaretz2007-29">[29]</a>

<a href="John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a>, co-director of the Programme on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, says the binational solution has become inevitable. He further argued that by allowing Israel's settlements to prevent the formation of a Palestinian state, the United States has helped Israel commit "national suicide" since Palestinians will be the majority group in the binational state.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<a href="Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a> wrote in 2011 that the one-state solution was already a reality, in that "there is only one state between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, in which there are two or three levels of citizenship or non-citizenship within the borders of that one state that exerts total control." Khalidi further argued that the "peace process" had been extinguished by ongoing Israeli settlement construction, and anyone who still believed it could result in an equitable two-state solution should have their "head examined".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

In 2013, professor <a href="Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a> wrote in The New York Times that the "fantasy" of a two-state solution prevented people from working on solutions that might really work. Lustick argued that people who assume Israel will persist as a Zionist project should consider how quickly the Soviet, Pahlavi Iranian, apartheid South African, Baathist Iraqi and Yugoslavian states unraveled. Lustick concludes that while it may not arise without "painful stalemates", a one-state solution may be a way to eventual Palestinian independence.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Israeli_right">The Israeli right</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank">Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank</a></div>

In recent years, some politicians and political commentators on the right have advocated for annexing the <a href="West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and extending Israeli citizenship to its Palestinian residents while maintaining Israel's identity as a <a href="Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> with recognized <a href="Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>. These proposals typically exclude the <a href="Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, due to its large and generally hostile Palestinian population and its lack of any Israeli settlements or permanent military presence.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Prominent political figures who have supported some form of a one-state solution include former defense minister <a href="Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> former President <a href="Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="Uri_Ariel" title="Uri Ariel">Uri Ariel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<a href="Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> MK <a href="Tzipi_Hotovely" title="Tzipi Hotovely">Tzipi Hotovely</a> has argued that Jordan was originally intended as the Arab state in the British Mandate of Palestine and has called for Israel to annex the West Bank as part of the historic Land of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a>, later Prime Minister and a figure in many <a href="Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>-led coalitions, has proposed annexing Area C of the <a href="West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which comprises about 60% of the West Bank land and is currently under Israeli control as per the <a href="Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

Debates over the feasibility of annexation have often included discussions about Palestinian demographics. According to a <a href="Begin%E2%80%93Sadat_Center_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies">Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies</a> (BESA) study,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> the 2004 Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza stood at 2.5 million and not the 3.8 million claimed by the Palestinians. Some commentators, including journalist <a href="Caroline_Glick" title="Caroline Glick">Caroline Glick</a> in her 2014 book The Israeli Solution, have questioned the accuracy of population figures provided by the <a href="Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (PCBS). Glick argued that earlier surveys overestimated the Palestinian population by including people living abroad, double-counting Jerusalem residents, and projecting birthrates and immigration that did not materialize. Based on this critique, Glick contended that annexation would not significantly alter Israel’s Jewish majority and could provide a framework for protecting minority rights under a single political system rooted in Jewish values.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, the demographic data from the PCBS are generally supported by Israeli demographers backed by <a href="Arnon_Soffer" title="Arnon Soffer">Arnon Soffer</a> and align closely with official Israeli estimates. In 2015, <a href="Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a> reported 5,698,500 Arabs living in Israel and the Palestinian territories, compared to a core Jewish population of 6,103,200.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against">Against</h3></div>

Critics argue that it would make Israeli Jews an ethnic minority<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> in the only Jewish country. The high <a href="Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> among Palestinians accompanied by a return of <a href="Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>, would quickly render Jews a minority, according to <a href="Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a>, an Israeli demographer and statistician.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

Critics have also argued that Jews, like any other nation, have the right to <a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and that due to still existing <a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, there is a need for a Jewish national home.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

The <a href="Reut_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Reut Institute">Reut Institute</a> expands on these concerns of many Israeli Jews and says that a one-state scenario without any institutional safeguards would negate Israel's status as a homeland for the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a> When proposed as a political solution by non-Israelis, the assumption is that the idea is probably being put forward by those who are politically motivated to harm Israel and, by extension, Israeli Jews.<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a> They argue that the absorption of millions of Palestinians, along with a right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the generally high birthrate among Palestinians would quickly render Jews an ethnic minority and eliminate their rights to self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a>

Israeli historian and politician <a href="Shlomo_Ben-Ami" title="Shlomo Ben-Ami">Shlomo Ben-Ami</a>, who served as Foreign Minister of Israel, dismissed the one-state solution as "<a href="Ivory_tower" title="Ivory tower">ivory tower</a> nonsense" and said that it creates a "South Africa situation without a South Africa solution."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

In an interview with <a href="Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a>, <a href="Hussein_Ibish" title="Hussein Ibish">Hussein Ibish</a> claimed that it is not realistic for Israel to be compelled to accept a binational solution with full right of return for refugees through international pressure or sanctions. According to Ibish, if a one state solution was to happen, it would come as a result of the status quo continuing, and the result would be a protracted civil war, with each intifada more violent than the last, and the conflict growing more and more religious in nature. Ibish speculated that in such a scenario, it could even go beyond an ethno-national war between Israelis and Palestinians into a religious war between Jews and Muslims, with Israeli Jews ending up under siege and relying on their nuclear weapons for protection.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academia">Academia</h4></div>

<a href="New_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="New Historian">New Historian</a> <a href="Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> has argued that the one-state solution is not viable because of Arab unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Morris argues any such state would be an authoritarian, fundamentalist state with a persecuted Jewish minority, citing the racism and persecution minorities face throughout the Arab and Muslim world, and writing that "Western liberals [...] refuse to recognize that peoples, for good historical, cultural, and social reasons are different and behave differently in similar or identical sets of circumstances." He notes the differences between Israeli Jewish society, which remains largely Westernized and secular, and Palestinian society, which according to Morris is increasingly Islamic and fundamentalist. He pointed to <a href="Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' 2007 takeover of Gaza, during which <a href="Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> prisoners were shot in the knees and thrown off buildings, and the regular <a href="Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a> of women that permeate Palestinian and Israeli-Arab society, as evidence that Palestinian Muslims have no respect for Western values. He thus claimed that "the mindset and basic values of Israeli Jewish society and Palestinian Muslim society are so different and mutually exclusive as to render a vision of binational statehood tenable only in the most disconnected and unrealistic of minds."

According to Morris, the goal of a "secular democratic Palestine" was invented to appeal to Westerners, and while a few supporters of the one-state solution may honestly believe in such an outcome, the realities of Palestinian society mean that "the phrase objectively serves merely as camouflage for the goal of a Muslim Arab–dominated polity to replace Israel." Morris argued that should a binational state ever emerge, many Israeli Jews would likely emigrate to escape the "stifling darkness, intolerance, authoritarianism, and insularity of the Arab world and its treatment of minority populations", with only those incapable of finding new host countries to resettle in and Ultra-Orthodox Jews remaining behind.<a href="#cite_note-morris-73">[73]</a>

Some argue that Jews would face the threat of <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Writing on <a href="Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>, <a href="Steven_Plaut" title="Steven Plaut">Steven Plaut</a> referred to the one-state solution as the "<a href="Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwanda</a> Solution", and wrote that the implementation of a one-state solution in which a Palestinian majority would rule over a Jewish minority would eventually lead to a "new <a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Morris argued that while the Palestinians would have few moral inhibitions over the destruction of Israeli-Jewish society through mass murder or expulsion, fear of international intervention would probably stymie such an outcome.<a href="#cite_note-morris-73">[73]</a>

Some critics<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> argue that unification cannot happen without damaging or destroying Israel's democracy. The vast majority of Israeli Jews as well as Israeli <a href="Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, some Israeli <a href="Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, many Israeli Christian Arabs and even some non-Bedouin Israeli Muslim Arabs fear the consequences of amalgamation with the mostly Muslim Palestinian population in the occupied territories, which they perceive as more religious and conservative. (All Israeli Druze men and small numbers of Bedouin men serve in the <a href="Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> and there are sometimes rifts between these groups and Palestinians).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> One poll found that, in a future Palestinian state, 23% of Palestinians want civil law only, 35% want both Islamic and civil law, and 38% want Islamic law only.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This negative view of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza prompts some critics to argue that the existing level of rights and equality for all Israeli citizens would be put in jeopardy with unification.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Benny Morris echoes these claims, arguing that Palestinian Muslims, who would become the ruling majority in any such state, are deeply religious and do not have any tradition of democratic governance.

In response to the common argument given by proponents of the one state solution that Israel's settlements have become so entrenched in the West Bank that a Palestinian state is effectively impossible, scholars such as <a href="Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a> and <a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> have countered that it is far more unrealistic to expect Israel to accept a one-state solution that would spell the end of Zionism than it is to expect it to dismantle some settlements. <a href="Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a> has argued that Israel could implement a unilateral withdrawal at any time of its choosing and that the facts on the ground suggest that a single state is a remote possibility, writing that:

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Israelis and Palestinians are now farther from a single state than they have been at any time since the occupation began in 1967. Walls and fences separate Israel from Gaza and more than 90% of the West Bank. Palestinians have a quasi-state in the occupied territories, with its own parliament, courts, intelligence services and foreign ministry. Israelis no longer shop in Nablus and Gaza the way they did before the Oslo accords. Palestinians no longer travel freely to Tel Aviv. And the supposed reason that partition is often claimed to be impossible – the difficulty of a probable relocation of more than 150,000 settlers – is grossly overstated: in the 1990s, Israel absorbed several times as many Russian immigrants, many of them far more difficult to integrate than settlers, who already have Israeli jobs, fully formed networks of family support and a command of Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></blockquote>

<a href="Shaul_Arieli" title="Shaul Arieli">Shaul Arieli</a> has likewise argued that the settlement enterprise has failed to create the appropriate conditions to prevent a contiguous Palestinian state or to implement the annexation of the West Bank. He has noted that the settlers comprise only 13.5% of the West Bank's population and occupy 4% of its land, and that the settlement enterprise has failed to build up a viable local economic infrastructure. He noted that only about 400 settler households were engaged in agriculture, with the amount of settler-owned farmland comprising only 1.5% of the West Bank. In addition, he wrote that there are only two significant industrial zones in the West Bank settlements, with the vast majority of workers there Palestinian, and that the vast majority of settlers live near the border, in areas that can be annexed by Israel with relative ease in territorial exchanges, while still allowing for the formation of a viable Palestinian state. According to Arieli, 62% of the settler workforce commutes over the Green Line into Israel proper for work while another 25% works in the heavily subsidized education system of the settlements, with only a small percent working in agriculture and industry. About half of the settlements have populations fewer than 1,000 and only 15 have populations greater than 5,000. According to Arieli, the settlement movement has failed to create facts on the ground precluding an Israeli withdrawal, and it is possible to implement a land exchange that would see about 80% of the settlers stay in place, necessitating the evacuation of only about 30,000 settler households, in order to establish a viable and contiguous Palestinian state in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

This sentiment has been echoed by Shany Mor, who argued that in 2020, the geographical distribution of settlers in the West Bank had not materially changed since 1993, and that a two-state solution is actually more feasible now than it was in the past due to the disentanglement of the Israeli and Palestinian economies in the 1990s. According to Mor, nearly all the population growth in the settlements between 2005 and 2020 was concentrated in the Haredi settlements of <a href="Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a> and <a href="Modi'in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a>, due to their high birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalists">Journalists</h4></div>

One major argument against the one-state solution is that it would endanger the safety of the Jewish minority, because it would require assimilation with what critics fear would be an extremely hostile Muslim ruling majority.<a href="#cite_note-reut2004-11">[11]</a> In particular, <a href="Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> points to a 2000 <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> interview with <a href="Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, whom he describes as "one of the intellectual fathers of one-statism". When asked whether he thought a Jewish minority would be treated fairly in a binational state, Said replied that "it worries me a great deal. The question of what is going to be the fate of the Jews is very difficult for me. I really don't know."<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-84">[84]</a>

Imagining what might ensue with unification, some critics<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> of the one-state model believe that rather than ending the Arab–Israeli conflict, it would result in large-scale ethnic violence and possibly civil war, pointing to violence during the British Mandate period, such as in <a href="1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920</a>, <a href="Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">1921</a>, <a href="1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a>, and <a href="1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–39</a> as examples. In this view, violence between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews is inevitable and can only be forestalled by partition. These critics also cite the 1937 <a href="Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>, which recommended partition as the only means of ending the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Critics also cite bi-national arrangements in <a href="Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which failed and resulted in further internal conflicts. Similar criticisms appear in The Case for Peace.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>

Left-wing Israeli journalist <a href="Amos_Elon" title="Amos Elon">Amos Elon</a> argued that while Israel's settlement policy was pushing things in the direction of a one-state solution, should it ever come to pass, "the end result is more likely to resemble <a href="Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> than post-apartheid South Africa".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Echoing these sentiments, Palestinian-American journalist <a href="Ray_Hanania" title="Ray Hanania">Ray Hanania</a> wrote that the idea of a single state where Jews, Muslims, and Christians can live side by side is "fundamentally flawed." In addition to the fact that Israel would not support it, Hanania noted that the Arab and Muslim world don't practice it, writing "Exactly where do Jews and Christians live in the Islamic World today side-by-side with equality? We don't even live side-by-side with equality in the Palestinian Diaspora."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>

On the aftermath of any hypothetical implementation of a one-state solution, <a href="Gershom_Gorenberg" title="Gershom Gorenberg">Gershom Gorenberg</a> wrote: "Palestinians will demand the return of property lost in 1948 and perhaps the rebuilding of destroyed villages. Except for the drawing of borders, virtually every question that bedevils Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations will become a domestic problem setting the new political entity aflame.... Two nationalities who have desperately sought a political frame for cultural and social independence would wrestle over control of language, art, street names, and schools." Gorenberg wrote that in the best case, the new state would be paralyzed by endless arguments, and in the worst case, constant disagreements would erupt into violence.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-84">[84]</a>

Gorenberg wrote that in addition to many of the problems with the one-state solution described above, the hypothetical state would collapse economically, as the Israeli Jewish intelligentsia would in all likelihood emigrate, writing that "financing development in majority-Palestinian areas and bringing Palestinians into Israel's social welfare network would require Jews to pay higher taxes or receive fewer services. But the engine of the Israeli economy is high-tech, an entirely portable industry. Both individuals and companies will leave." As a result, the new binational state would be financially crippled.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-84">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2></div>

A multi-option poll by Near East Consulting (NEC) in November 2007 found the bi-national state to be less popular than either "two states for two people" or "a Palestinian state on all historic Palestine" with only 13.4% of respondents supporting a binational solution.<a href="#cite_note-nec2007-90">[90]</a> However, in February 2007, NEC found that around 70% of Palestinian respondents backed the idea when given a straight choice of either supporting or opposing "a one-state solution in historic Palestine where Muslims, Christians and Jews have equal rights and responsibilities".<a href="#cite_note-necf2007-91">[91]</a>

In March 2010, a survey by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research and the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that Palestinian support had risen to 29 percent.<a href="#cite_note-jp2010-92">[92]</a>

In April 2010, a poll by the Jerusalem Media and Communication Centre also found that Palestinian support for a "bi-national" solution had jumped from 20.6 percent in June 2009 to 33.8 percent.<a href="#cite_note-jm2010-93">[93]</a> If this support for a bi-national state is combined with the finding that 9.8 percent of Palestinian respondents favour a "Palestinian state" in "all of historic Palestine", this poll suggested about equal Palestinian support for a two-state and one-state solution in mid-2010.<a href="#cite_note-jp2010-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-jm2010-93">[93]</a>

In 2011, a poll by Stanley Greenberg and the Palestinian Center for Public Opinion and sponsored by the <a href="Israel_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Project">Israel Project</a> revealed that 61% of Palestinians reject a two state solution, while 34% said they accepted it.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> 66% said the Palestinians’ real goal should be to start with a two-state solution but then move to it all being one Palestinian state.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_current_situation">Views of current situation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a></div>

In a 2021 survey of experts on the Middle East, 59 percent described the current situation as "a one-state reality akin to <a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-brookings-35">[35]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">

<ul><li><a href="United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">List of Middle East peace proposals</a>

<ul><li><a href="Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">Two-state solution</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-state_solution" title="Three-state solution">Three-state solution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jordanian_option" title="Jordanian option">Jordanian option</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a> (1950-1967/1988)</li>

<li><a href="King_Hussein's_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">King Hussein's federation plan</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Peres%E2%80%93Hussein_London_Agreement" title="Peres–Hussein London Agreement">Peres–Hussein London Agreement</a> (1987)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Allon_Plan" title="Allon Plan">Allon Plan</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (declared 1988)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Judea" title="State of Judea">State of Judea</a> (declared 1988)</li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference of 1991</a></li>

<li><a href="Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> (1993, 1995)</li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> (est. 1995)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>General concepts</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the river to the sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinianism" title="Palestinianism">Palestinianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Personalities</dt></dl>

<li><a href="Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilad_Atzmon" title="Gilad Atzmon">Gilad Atzmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Hugo Bergmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghada_Karmi" title="Ghada Karmi">Ghada Karmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Judah_Leon_Magnes" title="Judah Leon Magnes">Judah Leon Magnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Virginia Tilley</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Organisations</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Brit_Shalom_(political_organization)" title="Brit Shalom (political organization)">Brit Shalom (political organization)</a> (est. 1925), Jewish supporters of bi-national state</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFQadaffi2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Qadaffi, Muammar</a> (21 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/opinion/22qaddafi.html?ref=opinion">"The One-State Solution"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145500/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/opinion/22qaddafi.html?ref=opinion">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Onestateor-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Onestateor_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFriedson2010" class="citation web cs1">Friedson, Felice (21 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/one-state-or-two-state-solution">"One-state or two-state solution"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nast_2014-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Nast_2014_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRemnick2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Remnick, David (10 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/17/one-state-reality">"The One-State Reality"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSharvit_Baruch2021" class="citation web cs1">Sharvit Baruch, Pnina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/one-state-models/">"Resolving the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: The Viability of One-State Models"</a>. www.inss.org.il (Memorandum No. 217 ed.). <a href="Institute_for_National_Security_Studies_(Israel)" title="Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)">INSS</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAl_Shawaf2014" class="citation web cs1">Al Shawaf, Rayyan (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/caroline-glick-s-one-state-solution-for-israel-palestine-asks-all-the-wrong-questions-1.685514">"Caroline Glick's one-state solution for Israel-Palestine asks all the wrong questions"</a>. The National.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federation.org.il/index.php/en/the-federation-plan">"The Federation Plan: The Founding Document"</a>. www.federation.org.il. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-landforall-7"><a href="#cite_ref-landforall_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alandforall.org/english/">"A Land For All"</a>. 19 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFScheindlin2018" class="citation web cs1">Scheindlin, Dahlia (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/29/an-israeli-palestinian-confederation-can-work/">"An Israeli–Palestinian Confederation Can Work"</a>. <a href="Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426104648/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/29/an-israeli-palestinian-confederation-can-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/928">"The Palestine/Israel Pulse, a Joint Poll, 2022"</a>. <a href="Palestinian_Center_for_Policy_and_Survey_Research" title="Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research">Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research</a>. 24 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241109042512/https://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/928">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/10/03/has-the-war-in-gaza-radicalised-young-palestinians">"Has the war in Gaza radicalised young Palestinians?"</a>. <a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 3 October 2024. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241107084019/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/10/03/has-the-war-in-gaza-radicalised-young-palestinians">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-reut2004-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reut2004_11-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054834/http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=346">"One state threat"</a>. Reut Institute. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=346">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-people">"Jew."</a> Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 July 2019. 5 August 2019.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsmail" class="citation web cs1">Ismail, Rashid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45065/Palestine">"Palestine"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_X5tAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22I+feel+it+my+duty+to+state%2C+and+I+do+so+definitely+and+emphatically%2C+that+it+was+not+intended+by+me+in+giving+this+pledge+to+King+Hussein+to+include+Palestine+in+the+area+in+which+Arab+independence+was+promised.%22&pg=PA40">"The Jewish National Home in ...."</a> Google Books. 4 May 2022.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> UK National Archives, PRO CAB 27/24, reprinted in 'Palestine Papers, 1917–1922', by Doreen Ingrams, George Braziller Edition, 1973, page 48.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/sykes.asp">"The Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-balfourdeclarationof1917-17"><a href="#cite_ref-balfourdeclarationof1917_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp">"Balfour Declaration 1917"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp">"The Covenant of the League of Nations"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp">"The Palestine Mandate"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Teveth, Shabtai (1985) Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-503562-3</bdi>. Pages 66–70

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508061212/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/5f21f8a1ca578a57052566120067f658%21OpenDocument">"Mandate for Palestine - Minutes of the Permanent Mandates Commission/LoN 17th (Extraordinary) session (21 June 1930)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/5f21f8a1ca578a57052566120067f658!OpenDocument">the original</a> on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1939.asp">"British White Paper of 1939"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> A/AC. 14/32 and Add. I of 11 November 1947. See full text in Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948 (Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1987), #63 "Binationalism Not Partition", pp. 645–701.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-grabsky-24"><a href="#cite_ref-grabsky_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrabsky2005" class="citation web cs1">Grabsky, August (10 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workersliberty.org/node/4655">"The Anti-Zionism of the Bund (1947–1972)"</a>. Workers' Liberty. Retrieved 10 November 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2010/10/03binationalism">"A history of conflict between opposing ideals"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Pollock, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/palestinian-majority-rejects-two-state-solution-backs-tactical-compromises">"Palestinian Majority Rejects Two-State Solution, But Backs Tactical Compromises."</a> <a href="The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="The Washington Institute for Near East Policy">The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>. 25 February 2020. 9 June 2021.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112155244/http://www.peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?mark1=&mark2=&num=52">"The Peace Index: March 2010"</a>. The Israel Democracy Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?mark1=&mark2=&num=52">the original</a> on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nchala2006-28"><a href="#cite_ref-nchala2006_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826033100/http://reut-institute.org/data/uploads/PDFVer/ENG.pdf">"Palestinians in Israel"</a> (PDF). The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel. Reut Institute. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reut-institute.org/data/uploads/PDFVer/ENG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-haaretz2007-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz2007_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz2007_29-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRavid2007" class="citation web cs1">Ravid, Barak (29 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/olmert-to-haaretz-two-state-solution-or-israel-is-done-for-1.234201">"Olmert to Haaretz: Two-state solution, or Israel is done for"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606210531/http://www.haaretz.com/news/olmert-to-haaretz-two-state-solution-or-israel-is-done-for-1.234201">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbc2004-30"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2004_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3381493.stm">"Palestinian PM's 'one state' call"</a>. BBC News. 9 January 2004. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-saeb2009-31"><a href="#cite_ref-saeb2009_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Assadi2009" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed Assadi (4 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL4593611">"Palestinian state may have to be abandoned – Erekat"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SHABI1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-SHABI1_32-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShabi2012" class="citation news cs1">Shabi, Rachel (23 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/23/israel-palestine-two-state-solution">"The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-POORT1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-POORT1_33-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPoort2011" class="citation news cs1">Poort, David (26 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/26/the-threat-of-a-one-state-solution">"The threat of a one-state solution"</a>. <a href="Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wp-20160419-34"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-20160419_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJosh_Lederman2016" class="citation news cs1">Josh Lederman (19 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/united-states-government-e5c04516ee3c40d9800768573e2f7a8e">"Biden: 'Overwhelming frustration' with Israeli gov't"</a>. <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brookings-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brookings_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brookings_35-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTelhami2021" class="citation news cs1">Telhami, Marc Lynch and Shibley (19 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/02/19/biden-says-he-will-listen-to-experts-here-is-what-scholars-of-the-middle-east-think/">"Biden says he will listen to experts. Here is what scholars of the Middle East think"</a>. Brookings. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020020059/http://www.globalpolicy.org///nations/sovereign/sover/emerg/2004/1004onetwo.htm">"Two Peoples, One State - Nations & States - Global Policy Forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/sover/emerg/2004/1004onetwo.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHirschberg2003" class="citation web cs1">Hirschberg, Peter (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080307144349/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4693">"One state awakening"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID%3D4693">the original</a> on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2008" class="citation news cs1">Makdisi, Saree (11 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-op-makdisi11-2008may11,0,7862060.story">"Forget the two-state solution"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-whos-afraid-39"><a href="#cite_ref-whos-afraid_39-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGideon_Levy2014" class="citation news cs1">Gideon Levy (2 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.571863">"Who's afraid of a binational state?"</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Al_Gathafi_2003-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Gathafi_2003_40-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAl_Gathafi2003" class="citation web cs1">Al Gathafi, Muammar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415223111/http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/cat_03_03.htm">"White Book (ISRATIN)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/cat_03_03.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tarazi-41"><a href="#cite_ref-tarazi_41-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_Tarazi2004" class="citation news cs1">Michael Tarazi (4 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/04/opinion/04tarazi.html">"Two Peoples, One State"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-haifa2007-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haifa2007_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haifa2007_42-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303181624/http://www.mada-research.org/UserFiles/file/haifaenglish.pdf">"Haifa Declaration"</a> (PDF). Arab Center for Applied Social Research. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mada-research.org/UserFiles/file/haifaenglish.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2009-05-09/ty-article/hamas-we-wont-accept-two-state-solution/0000017f-ece9-dc91-a17f-fcedea620000">"Hamas: We Won't Accept Two-state Solution"</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-offer_2009-44"><a href="#cite_ref-offer_2009_44-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSegev2009" class="citation news cs1">Segev, Yoav (22 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/haniyeh-to-un-chief-hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-in-67-borders-1.7460">"Haniyeh to UN chief: Hamas accepts Palestinian state in '67 borders"</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-xinhuanet.com-45"><a href="#cite_ref-xinhuanet.com_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805082725/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/02/content_4373348.htm">"Hamas leader urges int'l community to respect Palestinian people's choice"</a>. <a href="Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>. 2 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/02/content_4373348.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=52405">"Islamic Jihad Leader Rejects Two-State Solution to Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,"</a> IMRA (16 May 2011). Retrieved 2013-12-17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/10/2/iran-rejects-two-state-solution-for-palestine">"Iran rejects two-state solution for Palestine"</a>. Al Jazeera. 2 October 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231112-iran-opposes-two-state-solution-for-palestine-calls-for-democratic-solution/">"Iran opposes two-state solution for Palestine, calls for 'democratic' solution"</a>. <a href="Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Al-Ahram_Weekly-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Ahram_Weekly_49-0">^</a> <a href="Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, "Truth and Reconciliation," Al-Ahram Weekly, 14 January 1999

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJudt2003" class="citation news cs1">Judt, Tony (23 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/10/23/israel-the-alternative/">"Israel: The Alternative"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTilley2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Tilley, Virginia</a> (6 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n21/virginia-tilley/the-one-state-solution">"The One-State Solution"</a>. <a href="London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 25 (21). Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTilley2005" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, Virginia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101925/http://www.press.umich.edu/183676/one_state_solution">The One-State Solution</a>. <a href="University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-472-03449-9</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/183676/one_state_solution">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217205009/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54507">"Dead Peace Process Could be "National Suicide" for Israel - IPS ipsnews.net"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews%3D54507">the original</a> on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/leading-palestinian-intellectual-we-already-have-a-one-state-solution-1.399629">Leading Palestinian intellectual: We already have a one-state solution</a> (<a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 5 Dec. 2011)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLustick2013" class="citation news cs1">Lustick, Ian S. (14 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/two-state-illusion.html">"Two-State Illusion"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122164104/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/two-state-illusion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGlick2014" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Caroline B. (2014). The Israeli solution: a one-state plan for peace in the Middle East. New York: Crown forum. pp. 133–135. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-34806-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStrenger2010" class="citation news cs1">Strenger, Carlo (18 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/strenger-than-fiction/strenger-than-fiction-israel-should-consider-a-one-state-solution-1.296976">"Strenger than Fiction / Israel should consider a one-state solution"</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhren2012" class="citation news cs1">Ahren, Raphael (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/at-hebron-conference-proponents-of-the-one-state-solution-show-their-growing-confidence/">"The newly confident Israeli proponents of a one-state solution"</a>. <a href="The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-housing-minister-rejects-settlement-freeze-as-dreadful-idea/">"New housing minister rejects settlement freeze as 'dreadful' idea"</a>. Times Of Israel. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarkov2013" class="citation news cs1">Harkov, Lahav (28 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Hotovely-laments-Likud-schizophrenia-on-two-states-324563">"Hotovely laments Likud 'schizophrenia' on two states"</a>. <a href="The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBennett2014" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Naftali (5 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/opinion/naftali-bennett-for-israel-two-state-is-no-solution.html?_r=0">"for Israel Two-State is No Solution"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073924/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/opinion/naftali-bennett-for-israel-two-state-is-no-solution.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172640/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS65.pdf">"The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS65.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Glick, Caroline. The Israeli Solution: A One-State Plan for Peace in the Middle East. New York: Crown Forum, 2014. pp. 124–33, 155–63.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Elhanan (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/right-wing-annexation-drive-fueled-by-false-demographics-experts-say/">"Right-wing annexation drive fueled by false demographics, experts say"</a>. <a href="Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> a b Shenhav, 2006, p. 191.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301091251/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/02/26/3091851/harvard-to-host-one-state-solution-confab">"Harvard hosting confab on one-state solution | JTA - Jewish & Israel News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/02/26/3091851/harvard-to-host-one-state-solution-confab">the original</a> on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSergio_DellaPergola" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422221118/http://fc.retecivica.milano.it/rcmweb/rssweb/Israele/Aliyah%20e%20diaspora/Demografia%20e%20sviluppo/S03D0F4A4.0/Demography%20in%20IsraelPalesti.pdf">"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications"</a> (PDF). <a href="Shalom_Hartman_Institute" title="Shalom Hartman Institute">Shalom Hartman Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fc.retecivica.milano.it/rcmweb/rssweb/Israele/Aliyah">the original</a> on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEli_E._Hertz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Eli E. Hertz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102043649/http://www.mythsandfacts.com/Conflict/mandate_for_palestine/mandate_for_palestine.htm">"Mandate For Palestine - The Legal Aspects of Jewish Rights"</a>. Mythsandfacts.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGavison" class="citation web cs1">Gavison, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219060650/https://www.jcpa.org/text/Israel60_Gavison.pdf">"The Right of Jews to Statehood"</a> (PDF). Jcpa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/text/Israel60_Gavison.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTarnopolsky2020" class="citation web cs1">Tarnopolsky, Noga (3 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2020/08/03/opinion/peter-beinart-ignores-an-inconvenient-truth-israelis-and-palestinians-havent-given-up-on-a-two-state-solution">"Peter Beinart ignores an inconvenient truth: Israelis and Palestinians haven't given up on a two-state solution"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2009/11/hussein-ibish-on-the-fantasy-world-of-one-staters/29425/">"Hussein Ibish on the Fantasy World of One-Staters"</a>. <a href="The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (21 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/books/review/Goldberg-t.html">"No Common Ground"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403123017/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/books/review/Goldberg-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-morris-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morris_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris_73-1">b</a> Morris, Benny: One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPlaut2008" class="citation web cs1">Plaut, Steven (3 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Blogs/Message.aspx/2614#.Ujd8qcaUQUg">"One State Solution vs Two-State Solution?"</a>. <a href="Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228194607/http://www.israelpolicyforum.org/issue/two-state-solution">"A Two-State Solution | Israel Policy Forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelpolicyforum.org/issue/two-state-solution">the original</a> on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Linda (17 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/17/israel">"Tales of Tel Aviv"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727165917/http://www.pcrd-pal.org/opinion_polls.php?pid=5">"Palestinian Center for Research & Cultural Dialogue"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcrd-pal.org/opinion_polls.php?pid%3D5">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHanania1995" class="citation news cs1">Hanania, Ray (20 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3329865,00.html">"One-state solution a pipedream"</a>. <a href="Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThrall2017" class="citation news cs1">Thrall, Nathan (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/16/the-real-reason-the-israel-palestine-peace-process-always-fails">"Israel-Palestine: the real reason there's still no peace"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-the-settlement-enterprise-has-failed-1.5402018">"Look at the figures: Israel's settlement enterprise has failed"</a>. Haaretz.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/some-inconvenient-facts-for-one-state-advocates/">"Some inconvenient facts for one-state advocates"</a>. <a href="The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArieli2018" class="citation web cs1">Arieli, Shaul (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/community/395245/the-israeli-settlement-movement-is-failing/">"The Israeli Settlement Movement Is Failing"</a>. <a href="The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMor2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mor, Shany (17 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/32533">"Peter Beinart's Grotesque Utopia"</a>. en.idi.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Goldberg-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_84-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (28 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2012-02-28/anti-israel-one-state-fix-airs-at-harvard-commentary-by-jeffrey-goldberg">"Anti-Israel One-State Plan Gets Harvard Outlet: Jeffrey Goldberg"</a>. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303090836/http://hpronline.org/harvard/a-destructive-solution/">"A Destructive "Solution""</a>. Harvard Political Review. 28 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpronline.org/harvard/a-destructive-solution/">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,980135,00.html">"Partition of Palestine"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. 8 July 1937. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDershowitz2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Dershowitz, Alan Morton</a> (1 April 2006). "The case for peace: how the Arab-Israeli conflict can be resolved". Choice Reviews Online. 43 (8): 43–4915–43-4915. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fchoice.43-4915">10.5860/choice.43-4915</a> (inactive 1 July 2025). <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-4978">0009-4978</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBartovWalzerFoxmanJudt2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Bartov, Omer; Walzer, Michael; Foxman, Abraham H.; Judt, Tony; Elon, Amos (4 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2003/dec/04/an-alternative-future-an-exchange/?pagination=false">"An Alternative Future: An Exchange by Amos Elon"</a>. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHanania2006" class="citation news cs1">Hanania, Ray (19 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3329865,00.html">"One-state solution a pipedream"</a>. Ynetnews.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nec2007-90"><a href="#cite_ref-nec2007_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neareastconsulting.com/surveys/all/p211/out_freq_q21.php/">"NEC poll"</a>. NEC General Monthly Survey. Near East Consulting. 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-necf2007-91"><a href="#cite_ref-necf2007_91-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neareastconsulting.com/surveys/ppp/p22/out_freq_q27.php/">"NEC poll 2"</a>. NEC General Monthly Survey. Near East Consulting. 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jp2010-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jp2010_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jp2010_92-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoffe-Walt2010" class="citation news cs1">Joffe-Walt, Benjamin (22 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=171559">"Palestinians increasingly back 1-state"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 3 September 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jm2010-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jm2010_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm2010_93-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=749">"Jerusalem Media Poll"</a>. Poll No. 70, April 2010 - Governance and US policy. Jerusalem Media and Communications Centre. 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHoffman2011" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Gil (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diplomacy-and-politics/6-in-10-palestinians-reject-2-state-solution-survey-finds">"6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAli_Abunimah2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ali_Abunimah" title="Ali Abunimah">Ali Abunimah</a> (2007). One Country: A Bold Proposal to End the Israeli–Palestinian Impasse. Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8050-8666-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBakanAbu-Laban2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bakan, Abigail B.; Abu-Laban, Yasmeen (2010). "Israel/Palestine, South Africa and the 'One-State Solution': The Case for an Apartheid Analysis". Politikon. 37 (2–3): 331–351. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02589346.2010.522342">10.1080/02589346.2010.522342</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9346">0258-9346</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145309414">145309414</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBisharat2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bisharat, George E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/1003">"Maximizing Rights: The One State Solution to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict"</a>. Global Jurist. 8 (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1934-2640.1266">10.2202/1934-2640.1266</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144638321">144638321</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Dershowitz2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> (4 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXVp66UnFaUC">The Case for Peace: How the Arab–Israeli Conflict Can be Resolved</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-04585-5</bdi>. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFaris2013" class="citation book cs1">Faris, Hani (2013). The Failure of the Two-State Solution: The Prospects of One State in the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85773-423-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFarsakh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Farsakh, Leila (2011). "The One-State Solution and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Palestinian Challenges and Prospects". The Middle East Journal. 65 (1): 55–71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F65.1.13">10.3751/65.1.13</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144766409">144766409</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Glick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Caroline_Glick" title="Caroline Glick">Caroline Glick</a> (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WS-0AAAAQBAJ">The Israeli Solution: A One-State Plan for Peace in the Middle East</a>. Crown Forum. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0385348065</bdi>. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Lee_Hattis1970" class="citation book cs1">Susan Lee Hattis (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4htAAAAMAAJ">The Bi-National Idea in Palestine during Mandatory Times</a>. Haifa: Shikmona. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite></li>

<li>Leon, Dan. "Binationalism: A Bridge over the Chasm." <a href="Palestine%E2%80%93Israel_Journal" title="Palestine–Israel Journal">Palestine–Israel Journal</a>, 31 July 1999.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLustick2019" class="citation book cs1">Lustick, Ian S. (2019). <a href="Paradigm_Lost" title="Paradigm Lost">Paradigm Lost</a>: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8122-5195-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin_BuberPaul_R._Mendes-Flohr1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>; Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IE5B_0AjQjkC">A land of two peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-07802-1</bdi>. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMunayyer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Munayyer, Yousef (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora98&div=123&id=&page=">"There Will Be a One-State Solution"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 98: 30.</cite></li>

<li>Reiner, M., "Palestine – Divided or United? The Case for a Bi-National Palestine before the United Nations" <a href="Herbert_Samuel%2C_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Lord Samuel</a>; <a href="Ernst_Simon" title="Ernst Simon">E. Simon</a>; M. Smilansky; <a href="Judah_Leon_Magnes" title="Judah Leon Magnes">Judah Leon Magnes</a>. <a href="Ihud" title="Ihud">Ihud</a> Jerusalem 1947. Includes submitted written and oral testimony before UNSCOP; IHud's Proposals include: political, immigration, land, development (Reprinted <a href="Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a> Reprint, Westport, CT, 1983, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8371-2617-7</bdi>)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, E.</a> The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After, Granta Books, London: 2000</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Q._Tilley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Virginia_Tilley" title="Virginia Tilley">Virginia Q. Tilley</a> (2005). The One-State Solution: A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli–Palestinian Deadlock. Manchester University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7190-7336-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=One-state_solution&oldid=1304761196">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>